nanoscale electrical measurements were found to be enormously important in genomics

and proteomics for recognizing the function of proteins and their reaction pathways inside

cells, as well as on cell membranes. The biosensor electronic systems can also be integrated

with sensors, actuators, and computers with the progress in novel technological interven­

tions. Highly integrated systems also brand conceivable developments in the creation of

implantable devices having stimuli-responsive sensing devices and targeted drug delivery

devices. Enormous applications will arise from the sustained integration of electronics with

biology, which will create innovative biomedical expansions. Besides, the advance of na­

noscale metrologies for the semiconductor industry may well find diverse applications in

biological and biomedical research areas [7–10].

Carbon-based nanomaterials have the competence to bridge the gap between the bio­

logical and the electronic environment together with the fabrication of bioelectronic de­

vices such as bio-actuators, biofuel cells, and biosensors, providing new horizons and

prospects towards the future of bioelectronics [11,12]. The carbon-based materials have

the potential to perform as a suitable interface by coordinating the biological entities

to the electronic system. The interface will serve as a shuttle between biological and

electrical entities and enhance the electron transfer rate in bioelectronic devices. Carbon-

based materials have emerged as a well-suited candidate in the fabrication of bioelec­

tronic interfaces, as they significantly exhibit a prime role in exploring the basics of

material estates. The incredible properties of carbon-based nanomaterials such as their

larger surface area, morphological and structural characteristics, chemical interaction,

physical properties, thermodynamics, and electron transfer rate enhanced the integration

of these materials in bioelectronic devices [13–15].

Among carbon-based nanomaterials, graphene has seized significant consideration in

the fabrication of numerous bioelectronic devices owing to its rapid electron transfer

characteristics, outstanding chemical and thermal stability, high surface-to-volume ratio,

and superior mechanical properties like softness, flexibility, and mechanically robustness

[16–18]. The unique structure allows graphene to have many scarce and striking prop­

erties such as quantum Hall effect (QHE), large surface area, superior intrinsic electron

mobility, and excellent thermal conductivity. The promising applications of graphene-

based nanomaterials include bioimaging, drug delivery, antibacterial coating, tissue en­

gineering, 3D scaffolds for tissues, DNA-sequencing, etc. [19,20]. Also, recently graphene

and reduced graphene oxide have emerged as brilliant nanomaterials in the development

of epidermal and implantable bioelectronic devices. The inherent biocompatibility of

graphene is also a fascinating attribute towards the fabrication of bioelectronic devices as

it benefits to reduce inflammatory responses and facilitates stable and long-term skin-

mounting or implantation. The biocompatibility of graphene can be efficiently tuned via

surface chemical functionalization to expand the interaction of graphene with biological

tissue [21]. This chapter will give an overview of the allotropic form of carbon-based

graphene materials, their synthesis, mesmerizing properties, and diverse applications in

bioelectronic devices.

16.2 What are Graphenes?

Graphene is the thinnest two-dimensional wonder carbonaceous nanomaterial with a un­

ique chemical structure, brilliant physical properties, and excellent thermal properties [22].

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